Marketing Mix and 4Ps How to Effectively Position Your Market Offering

Marketing Mix and 4Ps How to Effectively Position Your Market Offering What is the one thing that intrigues consumers to engage with a business right before going out to buy their products and services?Great marketing never happens by chance and it isn’t an easy task to accomplish either.Imagine cooking a delicious meal. In order for the dish to come out right, the cook has to hit the right balance between the ingredients that are to be used for the recipe and methods of preparation according to the recipe.Any mishap, for instance, adding a tablespoon of salt instead if a pinch could ruin the entire dish.Similarly, a business has to have the appropriate branding know-how as well as employ the right advertising techniques to deliver the most optimal marketing campaign for their target audience.But unlike cooking a meal, it takes months or even years of considerable effort for their marketing strategies to finally pay off.Of course, putting in the right elements is challenging, but a framework or marketing mix may help clarify what you need to do and wh ere you should focus your sights on.WHAT DO WE KNOW OF THE MARKETING MIX? In 1953, “Marketing mix” is a term that was coined over 60 years ago by professor Neil Borden to the American Marketing Association (AMA) in his presidential address.The marketing mix is typically a set of various factors that influence a consumer’s decision to purchase and use a product or service.This refers to the 4Ps of marketing; product, price, promotion, and place.Businesses can use these four factors to a certain degree.Once a firm learns how to make use of them strategically, they can produce the desired behaviors from target audiences whether it is signing up as a subscriber or purchasing a product.What’s more is that marketing mix also helps businesses get a better understanding of their product and service offerings as well as come up with the finest ways to plan for a marketing strategy and a successful launch.THE 4Ps OF MARKETINGSeven years after Borden’s speech, the 4Ps of marketing w as created by marketing professor E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960.It is a framework used by businesses and marketers when designing strategies and campaigns to promote their goods and services.Instead of taking the organic route, as in, waiting for people to notice you one day (which could be a very long time), you can shorten the gap and also boost conversions with a framework. Each of the Ps in the 4Ps model is elemental in influencing a consumer’s decision-making process.1.  Product Product refers to not just the goods and/or services that a business offers to their target audience, but also the experience that consumers have with those goods and services.This P essentially provides answers to the following questions:What is it that makes customers choose your product over others?What kinds of problems does it solve? Why do people find your goods and/or services attractive?There could be a series of underlying elements for the last question.For instance, customers could be attracted to a product’s packaging, name, quality, features, design, ease-of-use, or support.Sure the payment is for the physical product, but the purchase itself is influenced by the whole buying experience.In fact, all of the elements in the 4Ps model are centered around the customer.But to conduct a successful sale, it is crucial for a business to know who their audience is and what they care about.Besides that, you have to create buyer personas, conduct customer research and learn as much about your current and potential customer base as you can.All of these details can help you make decisions that are able to appeal to and resonate within your target audiences.2.  PriceYou don’t want to price your products and/or services that are too high or too low for your customers. If the price is too high, people may assume you’re being greedy.But if the price is too low, people may assume that the good or service isn’t very effective.You’ll find it pretty hard to make a sale, especially if you’re a new company and people don’t know who you are or what you sell.Fortunately, businesses employ a number of pricing strategies to increase their selling chances, including subscription, bundle, economy, competitive, discount and psychological pricing.You may have noticed that at grocery stores, generic food brands have lower prices than name-brands. This is what’s called economy pricing.There are even prices with odd decimals, such as “53.99” or “3.97” that are usually seen at department stores.This is called psychological pricing which is done to convince people that a product is less expensive. It’s also commonly practiced in auto sales.More importantly, the strategy you opt for has to be based on the value of your product, the cost of production and distribution, consumer demand and competitive landscape.The price can even be greatly influenced by your consumers.But you have to price your products realistically. If, let’s say your target market is in the middle-income bracket, then charging $900+ for a handbag is impractical.3.  PromotionPromotion refers to telling people about your products and services. It covers every aspect and tactic of communication that can help you get the word out.In case you’re wondering, promotion isn’t interchangeable with marketing. Promotion focuses on how you communicate your product or service to your audience.Not only does it cover the entire marketing function, but it also addresses the sales process and other areas including advertising and public relations.But the whole point of promotion isn’t just to sell a product (even though that is one of the more crucial functions of a business).Before you can even come to the transaction part, it is vital for you to inform people about the kind of products and services you sell, the kinds of problems they solve and why they are worth buying.Having a good looking product helps, but the main takeaway of a promotion is to ensure that it solves the specific need of your customer.During the promotional stage, you have to ensure that your message is both clear and tailored to your target audience.Inform them about the features that come with your products and services and how they are beneficial.Some of the questions that you must ask yourself include:What differentiates your business from your competitors?Does it provide products of high quality at lower prices? Does your company offer a faster service and more flexibility?If you want your promotional message to get across and attract potential customers, you have to include those differentiators in order to set yourself apart from your rivals.When keeping your audience as the focal point of your promotion, you will know which channel to use to get the word out.Also, keep these questions in mind when developing promotional messages to your customers:What types of content do customers consume on a daily basis?Where are they situated? What times of the day are they consuming the most content?Here are some of the most common channels that businesses use for promotional purposes:PodcastsWord-of-mouthSocial mediaPress releasesEmailPublic relationsTelevision adsPrintPay-per-click (PPC) ads4.  PlacePlace refers to the distribution of your company’s products. It answers how customers will be able to find and purchase your goods and services as well as whether it will be sold at retail stores or exclusively online.The two most common distribution channels include direct sales and wholesalers.If, for instance, you operate a local retail business, then it is likely you will use direct sales at your location. You can also choose to offer some items online.But whether in-store or online, you are the main contact who manages and shapes the overall customer experience.The second option for businesses to sell their goods and services is through a reseller or a wholesaler.If you’re selling stuff through Walmart or Amazon, then you fit the category.One great advantage of working with a wholesaler is that they usually have a wider distribution network and a larger customer-base.But even though it’s possible to reach out to more customers, you may also lose some of that customer connection that comes with direct sales.Aside from that, it can also be an extremely difficult and lengthy process to reach a deal with a bigtime wholesaler like Walmart.Another thing is that if your business doesn’t have a consistent supply of products all year, then intermediary sales is not the right place for it.But if your business includes sales or products that are seasonal or available for a limited time only, then direct sales are better option.When planning a marketing strategy, there’s a considerable difference between knowing the framework and then having to put it into practice.Here’s a step-by-step process on what you should be doing:MARKETING STRATEGY TEMPLATENow that you understand what the model is, the next thing to do is to use it.To do that, you first need to have a solid understanding of your target market, or your ideal customer.Define Your Target AudienceIf you have already worked out the ideal customer for your goods and services, you have to describe them as well.Consider the following information:AgeSocioeconomic statusLocationGenderEducation levelHobbies and interestsProfession or industry they are inCommon problems they faceOther identifying characteristicsWhen you’ve developed a clear understanding of the kind of target audience you’re aiming for, you can begin developing the 4Ps of marketing, starting with product.What are Your Products and Benefits?The first thing you should do for your strategy is to describe your products and services as well as the qualities and benefits that come with them and your company.Other details to touch upon are:QualityPackaging and DesignFeaturesFunctionalityWarranties (If there are any.)Consider Toggle as an exampleMain Features:  Time-trackingReportingProject managementTeam ma nagementIntegrationsSupportFunctions:Manage individual and team projectsAble to track work online and offlineView billable hours and generate reportsAssess and improve productivityPackaging and Design:Since Toggl is a digital app, it doesn’t have a physical product packaging. Though it does have a simple design and a user interface.Just like that, you have to describe your own products and services using these parameters. After that, you can compare these product qualities with those of your competitors.You will then be able to identify one or two benefits of your product that are better than your competitors and have their customers coming over to you potentially or eventually.Some of Toggle’s main highlights include:Accurate and honest client billing processBetter internal resource planning for businessesIncreasing productivity by making work time more focusedYour product can have a number of benefits, but you should focus more on the ones that are both unique and help you sta nd out from your competitors.Select the Right PricePricing products can be really tricky game. If let’s say, you’re a reseller, you can use the manufacturer’s suggested retail price as a basis.But if your product is made completely by your own hands, then you have to consider a couple of factors.To set a price for your products and services, answer the following questions:What is your revenue goal?How much money are you expecting to make?How much would my target audience be willing to pay?What are your overhead costs?What price rates do your competitors charge?What is a typical price for the industry?What are the ideal production and distribution costs per unit?Apart from the amount, you need to determine the frequency that you will charge your customers and the kind of pricing strategy you’re going to use.For example, Toggl uses monthly subscription pricing, which is based on the number of users and the size of the business.Though most organizations are fine with the linear Waterfall PM strategy, some managers in certain fields find it to be quite restricting.If they plan only at the beginning of the project, they will lose the advantage of the knowledge and experience that they gain while completing it.The subscription model is comparable to other freelancer and enterprise apps in the market, but is still competitively priced.Promotion and SalesThe first thing to consider for promotion is the best way for you to market and sell your product.Since toggl is an online app, the manufacturers are able to focus on digital sales straight from their site.But if you want to interact with customers in-person, then you have to have a physical location.For example, a beauty spa or a hair salon needs a store location in order to conduct their business.You have to research whatever your competitors are up to as you are likely targeting the same demographic as well as using the same channels as they are.In this case, the only way to differentiate yourself from them is how you communicate with your audience.The next step is to consider the best way to reach out to your customers.If your audience is, for example, people over the age of 50-60, you may not have as much success in promoting your products and services on Facebook, Twitter, SnapChat or Instagram.Instead, you can reach them more effectively by word-of-mouth, television or print.But if your target audience members are the tech-savvy millennials, then social media is your go-to option.If you use all of the above methods effectively, the 4Ps model can efficiently guide and direct your marketing and business strategies.They can help both businesses and marketers learn more about the needs and buying behaviors of their customers.Even though the marketing mix and 4Ps model has been around for decades, they aren’t completely flawless.With that in mind, there are some limitations and criticisms that you should be aware of when applying this model.WEAKNESSES OF THE MARKETING MIXThe 4Ps of t he marketing mix have several weaknesses in which they leave out or underemphasize a couple of important marketing activities.For instance, services are not overtly mentioned, although they can be categorized as products (like service products).Other marketing activities (like packaging) are not specifically mentioned but are placed in one of the 4Ps.Another major problem is that the 4Ps focus on the seller’s view of the market when it is the buyer’s view that should be focused on the most.

11 Poems Everyone Should Know Chosen

Being The Back Bone And Mentor - 848 Words

Being the back bone and mentor to my younger brother has been challenging, but yet a fulfilling experience. I unintentionally became a mother figure to him. Over the years, I have learned to accept this and I ask that God continue to guide me daily. It all started at the age of seven years old. My young mother was a single parent to myself and my twelve year old sister. My mother married my wonderful stepfather, in whom he was fourteen years her senior. Our family became blended due to my stepfather having sole custody of his two year old son, Jamaal. He is most commonly known as Jay. Jay was a beautiful brown baby boy with big brown eyes and curly locks. He never whined, or cried for anything. He was just a very sweet and humble child. His humbleness touched my heart in the biggest way. He never cried for his mother, but I could sense his emptiness and sadness that never seemed to go away. Jay’s mother had become a drug addict. She could no longer care for him. My instant adoration for him quickly shaped me into nurturing and supporting him. I was only five years older than Jay, but I became his caregiver. I became his surrogate mother. My mother and stepfather were parents to him, but they both worked full time jobs. My mother worked in the healthcare field at night and my stepfather drove eighteen wheeler trucks regionally. While my parents worked odd hours, it became quite natural for me to do absolutely everything for Jay. I bathed him, feed him andShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech About Organ Donation1369 Words   |  6 Pagesorgans are. For example, did you know that in order for you to be recognized as a valid donor you must sign the back of your license? The amount of knowledge that the general public has about organ donation is very low compared to what needs to be known. 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Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 35 Free Essays

â€Å"I’ve got to go,† I said. I took one step toward the door and fell to my knees as the room became a forest again. Damp earth seeped through my pants legs, chilling my skin. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 35 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The air was musty. I smelled moss. In the distance a wolf howled. I lifted my mouth to call out†¦ And ended up coughing, choking, in Damien’s arms. â€Å"I don’t think you’re going anywhere.† â€Å"Stop me.† â€Å"No problem.† He scooped me up again and took me into the bathroom, where he dumped me onto the toilet seat. â€Å"I’m cleaning that wound, and I’m calling a doctor.† â€Å"Damien, it won’t do any good. You and I both know that.† He hung his head. â€Å"Just let me clean it then. OK?† â€Å"If I do, will you let me find Jessie?† â€Å"No. But I will.† I glanced into his eyes. This was the best deal I was going to get. I yanked the pillowcase bandage off my arm. â€Å"Knock yourself out.† His smile was the same smile I’d come to love. Sweet, sad, infinitely beautiful. I was going to miss him. My arm was bloody and gaping, made me nauseous just to look at it. I turned away, and he dampened a cloth and began to wash away the gore. After a few minutes Damien made an impatient sound. â€Å"This isn’t going to do any good, Leigh. It just keeps bleeding.† I resisted the urge to say, Told you so. â€Å"Bandage me up again.† â€Å"You need stitches.† â€Å"Stitch me.† â€Å"I’ll make a mess, a scar.† I lifted a brow. â€Å"A scar? Oh, no. I shiver. I shudder. That would be such a shame.† He ran a hand over his face, leaving a trail of my blood across his cheek. â€Å"Forget it,† I said. â€Å"It’s not going to make a difference in another day anyway.† â€Å"That’s right.† He straightened. â€Å"You’ll heal.† I wouldn’t. But once again, he didn’t need to know that. â€Å"Which reminds me, why doesn’t Hector’s tattoo heal?† â€Å"He has a tattoo? Like Cowboy?† â€Å"Obviously, since they’re the same person.† â€Å"Which makes no sense.† â€Å"You’d be surprised.† I didn’t have the energy or the time to explain super-duper shape-shifting powers, even if I could. â€Å"But the wolf morphing into the crow made no sense, either,† he murmured. â€Å"Getting back to the tattoo?† I reminded him as he used a towel to bind my arm. â€Å"What? Oh. That’s easy. You stay the way you were when you were made a wolf. If†¦ Was it Hector?† I nodded. â€Å"If he had a tattoo when he became a werewolf, he’ll have one forever. Any injury after that will heal.† Damien pointed to his thigh and I remembered the thin white scar that marred his nearly perfect flesh. â€Å"I got that as a kid. It’ll never go away.† This was all news to me. Why didn’t we know this in the J-S society? Because we didn’t stop to ask questions before we shot them, and maybe that wasn’t so bright. â€Å"But what about this?† I lifted my bandaged arm. â€Å"Happened before I became a werewolf.† â€Å"The wound that infected you with the virus will heal.† â€Å"Convenient.† â€Å"Can you imagine people walking around with their throats ripped out? It isn’t pretty.† I’d wondered when I first became a Jager-Sucher how people with kill wounds could heal. There was a simple, disgusting explanation. People were food. If a werewolf ate you, you died. If he nibbled but didn’t snack, you got to be one of them. â€Å"What about diseases?† I pressed. â€Å"They’ll heal, because you still have them after you’re a werewolf. At least until you shift the first time.† â€Å"But not scars?† â€Å"Sorry, Leigh.† He thought I was worried about my back. I hadn’t even considered it. Guess I got to keep the scar. Oh, boy. â€Å"Who is Hector?† he asked. â€Å"Cowboy.† â€Å"No, who is he to you?† I lifted my eyes. Sympathy shone in his, caring, under-standing, love. How could he love me? Because he didn’t know. â€Å"I had sex with him,† I blurted. â€Å"I saw him, wanted him, took him. Then he sacrificed everyone I loved so he could become like you.† Damien frowned. I waited for the recriminations, the disgust. Instead he murmured, â€Å"Interesting.† â€Å"Interesting? Is that all you can say?† â€Å"I didn’t know someone could become a werewolf without being bitten.† â€Å"You’d be surprised what you don’t know.† The door to my apartment banged open. Jessie and Will spilled into the room, Jessie shouting my name and cursing. I was so damn glad to see them alive, I didn’t hear what they were saying. I got off the toilet and inched past Damien. As I went by, his palm slid along my good arm in a gentle, reassuring touch. My fingers clung to his for just an instant and it was good. â€Å"I’m here,† I said. They both went silent as if I’d thrown a switch, staring at me as if I were a ghost. â€Å"Thank God,† she breathed. â€Å"I thought we were too late.† â€Å"Too late for what?† â€Å"We talked to Cora. He has to – â€Å" â€Å"Make me a werewolf before the full moon.† Jessie shut her mouth, tilted her head. â€Å"How did you know that?† â€Å"He told me.† I lifted my bandaged arm. She drew her gun and pointed it at my head. I smiled. â€Å"I knew you were the best friend I ever had.† Damien barreled out of the bathroom and shoved me behind him. My hero. â€Å"What the hell?† he asked. â€Å"Get lost,† Jessie snapped. â€Å"I don’t think I will. This is murder, Sheriff.† â€Å"It’s none of your business, Fitzgerald. Get out of my way.† â€Å"Jess.† Will spoke for the first time. â€Å"Maybe you should call in before you make any rash decisions.† Indecision flickered over her face. â€Å"You can always shoot her after she grows a tail,† Damien murmured. I kicked him in the leg. He ignored me. â€Å"You told him?† Jessie demanded. I shrugged and didn’t answer. â€Å"Jeez, Leigh, he’s a civilian.† â€Å"So was Cadotte, once upon a time.† â€Å"Got you there,† Will said. â€Å"Shut up.† Jessie’s answer to everything. She still pointed her gun at Damien. I didn’t like it. She had silver in that gun. I tried to slide around him, but he shoved me right back. â€Å"Without her, he can’t become the supreme alpha,† Jessie argued. â€Å"Wolves mate for life.† â€Å"What does that have to do with anything?† Damien asked. â€Å"Thought you knew it all.† â€Å"I know werewolves exist. I haven’t gotten the details on what you’re up against.† Will filled him in as I fought a sudden craving for raw steak. â€Å"It seems to me,† Damien murmured, â€Å"that you have Hector at a disadvantage.† â€Å"How so?† Jessie asked. â€Å"Leigh can get close to him. He’ll trust her.† Jessie and Will both turned to me. â€Å"He’s right.† Jessie holstered her gun. â€Å"I guess I can always shoot you later.† â€Å"Yeah, look at the bright side.† I pushed past Damien and moved farther into the room. â€Å"Hector plans to use Damien for his sacrifice.† Damien frowned, blinked, then shrugged. â€Å"Let him try.† â€Å"You need to protect him, Jessie.† â€Å"I don’t need anyone to protect me,† Damien protested. â€Å"I can take care of myself.† Jessie ignored him. â€Å"We could always shoot him before they kill him.† â€Å"Would you quit with the shooting?† I said. â€Å"Sacrifice is sacrifice. He doesn’t necessarily need Damien. He just wants him.† â€Å"Because?† â€Å"He touched me.† Jessie glanced at Damien. â€Å"She’s worth it,† he said. Her gaze went shrewd, and she turned her attention to me with a lift of her brow. I shook my head. I wasn’t going to discuss my feelings for Damien. Not now. F’robably not ever. â€Å"Hector told me you and Will wouldn’t make it back from Cora’s.† â€Å"We almost didn’t,† Will muttered. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"My car is kind of like yours now.† â€Å"They attacked.† â€Å"When we were halfway between Cora’s and home. Thankfully Jessie brought a lot of guns and even more ammo.† She patted her Magnum. â€Å"Pays to be prepared.† â€Å"A regular Boy Scout,† I agreed. â€Å"We left quite a few dead ones behind.† â€Å"You didn’t burn them?† â€Å"We didn’t want to get out of the car. There were more waiting.† I nodded. â€Å"Did you happen to see a crow?† Will frowned. â€Å"It settled on the kills. Started pecking. Scavenger.† â€Å"That was Hector.† Jessie and Will exchanged glances. â€Å"You’d better tell us everything,† he urged. When I was through, Will murmured, â€Å"Not good.† He spread his hands. â€Å"But hey, if this job were easy, everyone would do it.† That startled a laugh out of me. â€Å"Mandenauer?† My head whipped around. Jessie held the cell phone to her ear. â€Å"You’d better get to Crow Valley. Leigh’s been bitten.† She listened for an instant, then hung up. â€Å"Dammit, Jessie, you’ll only upset him. What can he do?† â€Å"I guess we’re gonna find out. Because he’s on his way, and he’s bringing Dr. Hanover.† How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 35, Essay examples

Judaism Essays (494 words) - Jewish Holy Days, Hanukkah,

Judaism Judiasm Judaism is all over the world. You can find Jewish people in many countries. They speak different languages and may be of any color. Anybody whose mother is a Jew is considered to be Jewish. Jewish history began over four thousand years ago in the Middle east. This religion is the oldest type of monotheism. The founder, Abraham, lived near Ur. He heard a message from god to move his people to Canaan, which was the Promised Land. People that moved there became known as the Hebrews. Jews have both a Hebrew name and an ordinary name. The Hebrew name is used in the Synagogue and religious documents. The Synagogue is house of prayer, study, and a community center. The Hebrew word for Synagogue is Beth Ha Knesset meaning house of meeting or assembly. The central feature of the Synagogue is the Ark, which houses the scrolls of the Torah. A baby boy is given his name when his eight days old. When boys turn thirteen, they are considered to be adults, and become responsible for the irreligious duties. There are three daily prayer sessions evening, morning, and afternoon. Whenever possible the prayers should be saidat public services but praying at home or somewhere else is just as good. One tradition says that everyone should say a hundred blessings each day and some prayers must be said three times a day while others must be said twice. Jewish people believe in Sabbath, Sabbath is a day for rest for them. Sabbath begins shortly after sunset on friday evening and ends late on Saturday night. They do not drive on Fridays or Saturdays because of the Sabbath. Many Jewish holidays commemorate events invested with historical and religious meaning. Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the temple in Jerusalem after its desecration by foreign forces. The celebration also reaffirms the continuing struggle to live by commandments and lead Jewish lives. For eight days, Hanukkah candles shine in the window to brighten the night. Family and friends come to help light candles in the Hanukkah(menorah), to eat latkes (pancakes), sufganiyot (doughnuts) and play games ofdreidal. Presents are exchanged, songs are sung, and the story is told of brave, stubborn Judah Maccabee. Jewish people only eat kosher foods. Only those animal which both chew the cud and are clove footed such as cows and sheep can beaten. Pigs, rabbits and horses are forbidden. Fish must have both fins and scales such as salmon, tout and haddock. Those, which do not such as shellfish and eels, must not be eaten. Special regulations govern the method by which an animal or bird is slaughtered for consumption.. Any defects which would lead the animal or birds natural death with in a year because its to be considered not kosher. Some eyes of defects would be lesions or tumors in its internal organs. Other examples would be broken or shattered bones and even missing limbs. Bibliography jews- a look at history Religion Essays

Possessive or Genitive Case Definition and Examples

Possessive or Genitive Case Definition and Examples Also Known As: possessive determiner, genitive case, second case In English grammar, possessive case is the case (or function) of an inflected form of a noun (Santas, the bosss) showing ownership, measurement, or source. In addition to the -s ending (a clitic), the possessive can be expressed with of, particularly when the possessor is not alive (the top floor of the building, the base of the statue). Possessive case also refers to a type of pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs) or determiner (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) that indicates ownership, measurement, or source. (Note that his and its function as both pronouns and determiners.) Examples and Observations I will not hide the teachers Prozac.(Bart Simpson, The Simpsons)People who have given us their complete confidence believe that they have a right to ours. The inference is false: a gift confers no rights.(Friedrich Nietzsche)Parents can only give good advice or put them on the right paths, but the final forming of a persons character lies in their own hands.(Anne Frank)The winners edge is all in the attitude, not aptitude.(Denis Waitley)An Englishmans way of speaking absolutely classifies him.(Alan Jay Lerner)What precedes the possessive ending need not be a single-word compound but can be a phrase, as in my neighbor next doors dog, or even a clause, as in a woman I knows niece. (Laurel J. Brinton, The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Possessives Before Gerunds In your writing, when a pronoun appears before a gerund (an -ing verbal used as a noun), use the possessive case. We have tasted their cooking. In this example, cooking is used as a noun and is the direct object of have tasted. If a pronoun appears before a participle, use the objective case. We have watched them cooking. In this second example, cooking is used as a participle to describe them. (Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy, The Scribner Handbook for Writers, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001) The Decline of the Possessive Apostrophe The apostrophe is the stepchild of English orthography. It is neither fish nor fowl, typographers convenience, nor true punctuation...The possessive apostrophe is a grammatical anomaly, a vestigial case marker- appropriately shaped like the human appendix- in a noun system that has otherwise dispensed with cases... Evidence of its demise is apparent in newspapers, on billboards, on menus. Our students, understandably confused, alternately abuse it and feel abused by it... ...Thus we may contemplate with relative equanimity the eventual loss- for such seems inevitable in time- of the possessive apostrophe. We may mourn its passing and, perhaps, armed with grammar texts and rules (poor weapons at best) prolong its stay for awhile. But we cannot, nor should we wish to, preserve it indefinitely. We would do well to recognize that the outrages perpetrated upon the apostrophe by our students reflect an increasingly common practice outside the classroom, and temper the insistence of our lessons... ...And, when all is said and done, the loss will not be a great one.(Elizabeth S. Sklar, The Possessive Apostrophe: The Development and Decline of a Crooked Mark. College English, October 1976) Possessive and Genitive The genitive has also been called the possessive, since one of its meanings has been to denote the possessor of what is referred to by the second noun phrase, as in The couples home. But possession has to be interpreted liberally if it is to cover many instances of the genitive and the of-phrase. In a liberal interpretation, we could count as possession any connections between the two nouns where the verbs possess or have can be used in a paraphrase; for example, family relationships: Toms son (the son that Tom has). Mexico Citys(Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996) False Possessives The apostrophe generally should not be used after a word that is more descriptive than possessive, except for a plural not ending in s: Explorers Hall, Diners Club, the Department of Veterans Affairs, teachers college but teachers guide, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Teamsters Union, visitors center, childrens hospital. But the Ladies Home Journal, the National Governors Association.(The National Geographic Style Manual. National Geographic Society, 2012) The Lighter Side of Possessives Cartman: Give me back my kidney! Stan: Dude, please, Kyle needs it! Cartman: Its mine! Not yours, mine! Give it back right now or theres going to be Hell to pay!(Cherokee Hair Tampons. South Park, 2000) Danny Butterman: All right, Pete?Nicholas Angel: Do you know this man?Danny Butterman: Yeah. Hes Auntie Jackies sisters brothers boy.(Nick Frost and Simon Pegg, Hot Fuzz, 2007) My best friends sisters boyfriends brothers girlfriend heard from this guy who knows this kid whos going with the girl who saw Ferris pass out at 31 Flavors last night. I guess its pretty serious.(Kristy Swanson as Simone, Ferris Buellers Day Off, 1986)

How to Use Extra Credit Effectively

How to Use Extra Credit Effectively The use of extra credit can be an effective teaching and learning tool in any content area classroom, but only if the extra credit is used in the correct manner. Generally, extra credit is offered to those students who want to bring up a GPA. Poor performance on a heavily weighted test or a paper or a project may have dropped a students overall grade. The opportunity for extra credit may be a motivational tool or a way to correct a misjudgment or miscommunication.  However,  if used incorrectly or inequitably, extra credit can also be a point of contention and a headache for the teacher.  Therefore, a teacher should take time to look at an offer for extra credit critically and consider the implications it may have for grading and assessment.   Pros of Using Extra Credit An extra credit assignment may provide students with an incentive to go above and beyond the class material. If it is used to enhance lessons, the offer for extra credit can help deepen the learning for students. It can also help struggling students by providing them with additional learning opportunities while allowing them a means to increase their grade. The extra credit may mirror the original assignment, be an alternative test, paper or project. There may be a section of an assessment that can be taken again or the student may suggest an alternative assignment.   Extra credit may also be in the form of revision. The process of revision, especially in writing assignments, can be used as a way to teach students to reflect on their progress and abilities in writing and take steps to strengthen it. Revision may serve to establish conferences to receive highly beneficial one-on-one attention. Rather than design new extra credit opportunities, a teacher should consider how he or she can reinforce the skills to improve student performance on a previously graded assignment.   Another method for extra credit is to give students a bonus question(s) on a quiz or test. There may be an option to answer an additional essay question or solve an additional word problem.   If extra credit is allowed, teachers may adopt the kinds of the assignments that are voluntary extra credit must still be assessed just as rigorously as the assessments for regular coursework. Perhaps there are extra credit opportunities that allow students to try extended activities such as inquiry projects based on  questions, problems, or scenarios. Students may choose to volunteer in the school community or in the community at large. By allowing the student the opportunity to choose how they will earn extra credit points could be a way to give them control over their academic achievement. After checking school policy, if you wish to offer extra credit in your class, you will need to make sure of the following: Do connect your extra credit to other lessons in class or to classroom pertinent current events.Do provide the same extra credit opportunities to all students.Do consider your grading time when assigning extra credit.Do make extra credit assignments interesting and pertinent for students.Do tell your students when you assign extra credit how much it will be worth and how you will grade it.Do make sure that you are not outweighing your required assignments with points for extra credit.Do set a clear deadline for when extra credit is due. Cons of Using Extra Credit On the other hand, too many opportunities for extra credit in a course could result in an  imbalance in grading. Extra credit assignments could outweigh the required assignments, and the result could mean that a student would pass a course without meeting all the standards.  Extra credit that is graded for a â€Å"completion† grade can skew an overall grade. In the same vein, some educators believe that extra credit reduces the importance of curriculum assessments by providing students with a way to circumvent the curriculum. These students could avoid  requirements by still have the ability to increase their grade. Moreover, an extra credit assignment could boost a GPA, but obscure a students actual academic ability. There are also some schools that have a no extra credit rule in their policy handbook. There are some districts that want to eliminate the extra work a teacher has to do after assigning extra credit. Some general rules to consider are: Do not create extra credit assignments that are unconnected to your curriculum or standards.Do not grade each students extra credit using different standards.Do not create so much extra credit that students are able to pass without completing the required work.Do not make spur of the moment extra credit opportunities that are not equally available to all students.Do not allow busy work like copying from a book to be extra creditDo not allow students to turn in late extra credit as this is just an accounting nightmare.Do not create extra credit assignments that the educational value is not equivalent to the student or teacher effort involved.